{"id":5185,"date":"2013-11-19T12:17:35","date_gmt":"2013-11-19T11:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/suppurative-osteomyelitis-in-pig-carcasses\/"},"modified":"2022-03-24T18:56:42","modified_gmt":"2022-03-24T17:56:42","slug":"suppurative-osteomyelitis-in-pig-carcasses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/suppurative-osteomyelitis-in-pig-carcasses\/","title":{"rendered":"Suppurative osteomyelitis in pig carcasses"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>During post-mortem inspection of pig carcasses\u00a0suppurative\u00a0lesions in the bones of the spine\u00a0are relatively frequently observed:<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>This lesion is known as <strong>suppurative osteomyelitis<\/strong>\u00a0which means purulent inflammation of the bone and vertebral bone marrow (both structures are always involved).<\/p>\n<p>Other nomenclatures associated with this type of lesion are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 17.77777862548828px; font-size: 1em;\"><strong>Osteitis:<\/strong> generic term referring only to inflammation of the bone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"line-height: 17.77777862548828px; font-size: 1em;\">Spondylitis:<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 17.77777862548828px; font-size: 0.8em;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Inflammation affecting only the vertebral body.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 17.77777862548828px; font-size: 1em;\"><strong>Diskospondylitis:<\/strong> inflammation of the intervertebral disc and the vertebra.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 17.77777862548828px; font-size: 1em;\"><strong>Periostitis:<\/strong> inflammation that affects only the periosteum.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This type of lesion, of suppurative character, is associated with a bacterial etiology. In pigs the most frequently isolated agent is <em>Trueperella pyogenes<\/em> (formerly known as <em>Arcanobacterium pyogenes<\/em>, before that as<em> Actinomyces pyogenes<\/em> and even before as <em>Corynebacterium pyogenes<\/em>) but other bacteria have also been described \u00a0as causative agents such as <em>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em> or different species of staphylococci and streptococci. <em>Brucella suis<\/em> can also cause diskospondylitis.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1865\" style=\"width: 370px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1865\" class=\" wp-image-6685 \" src=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-1-450x600.jpg\" alt=\"Suppurative lesion in the vertebral body. Microbiological culture was performed from 5 samples submitted to SESC, and in all cases Trueperella pyogenes was isolated. Samples were taken with a cotton swab directly from the lesion.\" width=\"360\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-1-450x600.jpg 450w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-1-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-1-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-1-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-1.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1865\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Suppurative lesion in the vertebral body. Microbiological culture was performed from 5 samples submitted to SESC, and in all cases <em>Trueperella pyogenes<\/em> was isolated. Samples were taken with a cotton swab directly from the lesion.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The <strong>pathogenesis<\/strong> of these lesions consists of an hematogenous entry of the bacteria which settle somewhere in the bone generating a suppurative inflammatory reaction. The unique anatomy of blood vessels in the bones facilitates this phenomenon. This inflammation can destroy and weaken the bone to the point that the affected vertebra can end up releasing purulent material and fractured bone fragments in the spinal canal affecting spinal cord. If there is no fracture, inflammation can spread to adjacent tissues: spinal musculature, pleura or peritoneum or protrude into the spinal canal. On the other hand, inflammation can become chronic and be contained, with no clinical signs and be detected only as an inceidental finding at slaughter. Another consequence of osteomyelitis can be the occurence of secuestra: necrotic bone fragments surrounded by inflammatory tissue or, in more chronic cases, fibrous tissue.<\/p>\n<p>Most cases appear to be a result of a hematogenous spread of the infection to the bone during the neonatal period in which animals have inadequate passive immunity . Bacteria can enter through the umbilical cord, through the respiratory tract, digestive tract or through the placenta \u00a0moments\u00a0immediately\u00a0before\u00a0delivery. In the case of pigs it is believed that the tail cutting and the presence of tail biting problems can be predisposing factors facilitate the entry of bacterial agents and generate localized lesions in the caudal part of the column. Other pathways can be wounds, fractures, traumatisms or even punctures which directly inoculate bacteria into the bone or periosteum.<\/p>\n<p>Within the <strong>differential diagnosis<\/strong> of bacterial osteomyelitis one can include: bone fractures, neoplasms, ischemic bone necrosis and other less common causes of osteomielitis such as tuberculosis, fungal or viral infections.<\/p>\n<p>Regardless of the route of entry \u00a0of bacteria, during meat inspection, it is important to determine whether it is a <strong>focalised process<\/strong> or, on the contrary, it is a more extended \u00a0process which has to be considered as a <strong>generalized disease<\/strong>.<br \/>\nIn the following table, a set of criteria are defined to help determine which of the two situations are we dealing with in a carcass:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"235\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>Focalised lesion<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"184\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>Widespread disease<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"235\">Ante-mortem inspection<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">&#8211; Absence of antemortem changes.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Presence of skin lesions near the site of osteomyelitis may explain a local entry of bacteria (eg. tail biting lesions).<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"184\">&#8211; The presence of fever (rectal temperature above 40\u00b0C) apathy, prostrated animals&#8230; may indicate that the animal has septicaemia.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" width=\"92\">Post-mortem Inspection<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"143\">Lymphadenopathy<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">&#8211; Absence of lymph node lesions.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Lesions restricted only to the lymph nodes closest to the bone injury indicate that it is a focalised process.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"184\">&#8211; A general increase in size, redness or purulent lesions in lymph nodes are indicators of septicaemia.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"143\">Other lesions<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">&#8211; Presence of skin lesions near the site of osteomyelitis may explain a local entry of bacteria (eg. tail biting lesions).<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Abscence of other lesions in the carcass..<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"184\">&#8211; Presence of other lesions such as petechial hemorrhages in different serous and mucous membranes, skin or muscle tissue are indicative of septicaemia.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Presence of abscesses in other parts of the carcass (muscles, serous membranes) or viscera that indicate the presence of bacterial emboli (pyaemia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"143\">Number and location of osteomyelitis lesions.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"163\">&#8211; <b>Single<\/b> or multiple lesion but in close proximity (in the same bone or adjacent vertebra).<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"184\">&#8211; <b>Multiple lesions<\/b> affecting bones separated from each other.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"attachment_1866\" style=\"width: 460px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1866\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6687\" src=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-2-450x600.jpg\" alt=\"Example of vertebral osteomyelitis in the caudal region.\" width=\"450\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-2-450x600.jpg 450w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-2-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-2.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1866\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of vertebral osteomyelitis in the caudal region.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1867\" style=\"width: 460px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1867\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6689\" src=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-3-450x600.jpg\" alt=\"Case of vertebral osteomyelitis in the cervico-thoracic region.\" width=\"450\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-3-450x600.jpg 450w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-3-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/SESC-120-13-3.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1867\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Case of vertebral osteomyelitis in the cervico-thoracic region.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1871\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caudofagia.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1871\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6693\" src=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caudofagia.jpg\" alt=\"Examples of animals in antemortem inspection with lesions associated with tail biting.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caudofagia.jpg 640w, https:\/\/sesc.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caudofagia-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1871\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of animals in antemortem inspection with lesions associated with tail biting.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During post-mortem inspection of pig carcasses\u00a0suppurative\u00a0lesions in the bones of the spine\u00a0are relatively frequently observed:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":6691,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[179],"tags":[397,401],"class_list":["post-5185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-porcine-2","tag-infectious-en","tag-muscle-en"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5185","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5185"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5185\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6691"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}