{"id":5453,"date":"2018-12-20T11:06:23","date_gmt":"2018-12-20T10:06:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/haemorrhages-in-a-pig-carcass-dont-panic\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T09:33:01","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T08:33:01","slug":"haemorrhages-in-a-pig-carcass-dont-panic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/haemorrhages-in-a-pig-carcass-dont-panic\/","title":{"rendered":"Haemorrhages in a pig carcass: Don\u2019t panic!"},"content":{"rendered":"
With the recent detection of cases of African Swine Fever (ASF) in wild boars in Belgium<\/a>, and recently in Germany,<\/span> anyone can see that there is a certain risk of introduction of this disease into our territory.
\nAlso Classical Swine Fever (CSF) might be introduced. Therefore it is essential that all the actors involved in the pig sector are trained and alert. Two essential aspects for the control of these diseases are biosecurity<\/a> and a good system of passive surveillance<\/strong> that ensures an\u00a0early diagnosis<\/strong>.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
From the slaughterhouses we have a well defined role in this passive surveillance.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Although it is true that, given this disease characteristics, it is most likely to be detected through mortality outbreaks in farms or wild boar populations, the initial presentation of the disease can be very variable depending on: the virulence of the strain, the initial virus load, the immune status of the guests, etc. Therefore, it can not be ruled out<\/strong> that infected animals might arrive at the slaughterhouse.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
In previous posts of the blog we have already reviewed the lesions, mainly hemorrhagic,\u00a0 caused by both ASF<\/a> and CSF<\/a> viruses in domestic pig carcasses.<\/div>\n
What to do in case of suspicion?<\/strong><\/div>\n
    \n
  • Report suspicion to the competent authorities by email<\/span> and following the procedures detailed in the rapid action cards of the ASF\/CSF contingency plan fon antemortem or postmortem suspected cases.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Send URGENT laboratorial enquiry to SESC indicating the suspicion. In IRTA-CReSA’s laboratories PCR and RT-PCR will be performed detect the presence of ASF and CSF viruses, respectively. Samples will be submitted to the National Reference Laboratory for further confirmation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

    What samples should be sent?<\/strong><\/div>\n
      \n
    • If the suspicion is antemortem (animals that arrive with high fever or even sudden deaths during transportation): the sample of choice is blood<\/strong> with anticoagulant (EDTA: pink or purple tube), DO NOT use heparin since it can interfere with PCR.<\/li>\n
    • If the suspicion is postmortem (carcases with hemorrhagic diathesis lesions): refrigerated sample of spleen<\/strong> and\u00a0tonsil<\/strong> and\/or submandibular lymph node<\/strong>. Other lymph nodes (gastrohepatic, renal, retropharyngeal) or lung may also be referred. Additionally, we recommend sending samples of other lesioned viscera to try to reach a definitive diagnosis (liver, kidney, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Should any hemorrhagic lesion raise a suspicion of ASF\/CSF?<\/strong><\/div>\n
      Don’t panic! Hemorrhagic diathesis lesions are not specific of an infection with ASF\/CSF viruses, so to declare a suspicion, one must have a fair level of certainty.<\/div>\n
      However, in an epidemiological situation such as the current one, where we can not underestimate the risk of introducing the disease, we must also analyse all those inconclusive lesions<\/strong> that fit into the differential diagnosis of ASF\/CSF.<\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      This post has been updated the 10th of July 2024. Changes highlighted in red.<\/span><\/div>\n
      <\/div>\n
      Table with suggested criteria to differentiate a suspicion from other inconclusive findings that, in any case, should always be sent to SESC for laboratory analysis.<\/div>\n
      \n\n\n\n\n\n
      Certainty level<\/strong><\/td>\nCriteria<\/strong><\/td>\nActions<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u00a0Inconclusive lesions<\/td>\n\n
        \n
      • Only one animal (per batch) with clinical signs: fever, depression, erythematous skin lesions …<\/li>\n
      • Only one animal (per batch) with hemorrhagic diathesis lesions.<\/li>\n
      • A single animal (per batch) that arrives dead suddenly during transport.<\/li>\n
      • Lesions clearly compatible with other diseases included in the ASF\/CSF differential.<\/li>\n
      • For example: Erysipelas<\/a> and PDNS<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
      		\n
        \n
      • Send URGENT enquiry to SESC (+ refrigerated samples).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      ASF\/CSF suspicion<\/td>\n\n
        \n
      • Two or more animals (per batch) with clinical signs: fever, depression, erythematous skin lesions …<\/li>\n
      • Two or more animals (in a batch) with hemorrhagic diathesis lesions.<\/li>\n
      • Two or more animals (in a batch) with sudden death during transport.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
      		\n
        \n
      • Send URGENT enquiry to SESC (+ refrigerated samples).<\/li>\n
      • \n
        Declare suspected suspected case of ASF\/CSF.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n
        <\/div>\n
        Notify the competent authorities by email<\/span>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
        \n
        Below we can see images of two recent cases of carcass with hemorrhagic diathesis in which a diagnosis of ASF\/CSF has been ruled out by PCR \/RT-PCR.<\/div>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Case 1<\/strong>: A single animal, mixed race female of 6 months, who presented extensive hemorrhagic lesions. ASF\/CSF was ruled out, but no other lesions were observed to determine the cause of the hemorrhagic diathesis presented by the animal.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
        \"\"

        Hemorrhagic lesions on the skin of the ears.<\/p><\/div>\n

        \"\"

        Extensive cutaneous hemorrhages.<\/p><\/div>\n

        \"\"

        Absence of renal petechiae or reabsorption of blood to the lymph nodes.<\/p><\/div>\n

        \"\"

        Hemorrhages in the ventral side of the neck.<\/p><\/div>\n

        \"\"

        The animal presented a fibrous pericarditis, indicative of a septicemic process already resolved.<\/p><\/div>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Case 2<\/strong>: A single animal, mixed race female of 6 months of age, with generalized hemorrhagic lesions on the skin, viscera and hemorrhagic lymph nodes. ASF\/CSF were also ruled out, but there were no further lesions in the organs studied, other than haemorrhages that would explain the hemorrhagic diathesis.<\/p>\n

        \"\"

        Generalized petechiae in the skin throughout the carcass.<\/p><\/div>\n

        \"\"

        Hemorrhagic and enlarged gastrohepatic lymphatic nodule .<\/p><\/div>\n

        \"\"

        Petechiae in the epicardium and in the visceral pleura of the lung.<\/p><\/div>\n

        \"\"

        Petechiae in the mucosa of the glottis.<\/p><\/div>\n

        \"\"

        Spleen size was normal. Hemorrhages can be observed in the serosa of the gastrointestinal tract and the mesentery.<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        With the recent detection of cases of African Swine Fever (ASF) in wild boars in Belgium, and recently in Germany, anyone can see that there is a certain risk of introduction of this disease into our territory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7981,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[235,237,231,229,233,179,225],"tags":[484,474,471,395,390,394,482,453,407,467,501,457,472,462,408,468],"class_list":["post-5453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-abdominal-cavity-porcine-2","category-head-porcine-2","category-heart-porcine-2","category-kidney-porcine-2","category-lymphoid-porcine-2","category-porcine-2","category-skin-porcine-2","tag-abdominal-cavity","tag-cavidad-abdominal","tag-cavitat-toracica-en","tag-digestive-en","tag-head-en","tag-heart-en","tag-infeccioses","tag-infectious-en-2","tag-kidney-en","tag-lungs-en-2","tag-mdo-en-2","tag-piel","tag-pulmons-en","tag-skin","tag-subcutaneous-en","tag-thoracic-cavity-en-2"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5453"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5453\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7981"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5453"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5453"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sesc.cat\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}